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Chronological

Read the Bible in the chronological order in which its stories and events occurred.

Duration: 365 days

2 Samuel 8-9

David Subjugates Nearby Nations

8 Later David defeated the Philistines and subdued them. David took Metheg Ammah^[a] from the Philistines.^[b] ²He defeated the Moabites. He made them lie on the ground and then used a rope to measure them off. He put two-thirds of them to death and spared the other third.^[c] The Moabites became David’s subjects and brought tribute.^[d] ³David defeated King Hadadezer son of Rehob of Zobah when he came to reestablish^[e] his authority^[f] over the Euphrates^[g] River. ⁴David seized from him 1,700 charioteers^[h] and 20,000 infantrymen. David cut the hamstrings of all but 100 of the chariot horses.^[i] ⁵The Arameans of Damascus came to help King Hadadezer of Zobah, but David killed 22,000 of the Arameans. ⁶David placed garrisons in the territory of the Arameans of Damascus; the Arameans became David’s subjects and brought tribute. The Lord protected^[j] David wherever he campaigned.^[k] ⁷David took the golden shields that belonged to Hadadezer’s servants and brought them to Jerusalem.^[l] ⁸From Tebah^[m] and Berothai, Hadadezer’s cities, King David took a great deal of bronze.

⁹When King Toi^[n] of Hamath heard that David had defeated the entire army of Hadadezer, ¹⁰he^[o] sent his son Joram^[p] to King David to extend his best wishes^[q] and to pronounce a blessing on him for his victory over Hadadezer, for Toi had been at war with Hadadezer.^[r] He brought with him various items made of silver, gold, and bronze.^[s] ¹¹King David dedicated these things to the Lord,^[t] along with the dedicated silver and gold that he had taken from^[u] all the nations that he had subdued, ¹²including^[v] Edom,^[w] Moab, the Ammonites, the Philistines, and Amalek. This also included some of the plunder taken from^[x] King Hadadezer son of Rehob of Zobah.

¹³David became famous^[y] when he returned from defeating the Edomites^[z] in the Valley of Salt; he defeated^[aa] 18,000 in all. ¹⁴He placed garrisons throughout Edom,^[ab] and all the Edomites became David’s subjects. The Lord protected David wherever he campaigned. ¹⁵David reigned over all Israel; he guaranteed justice for all his people.^[ac]

David’s Cabinet

¹⁶Joab son of Zeruiah was general in command of^[ad] the army; Jehoshaphat son of Ahilud was secretary; ¹⁷Zadok son of Ahitub and Ahimelech son of Abiathar^[ae] were priests; Seraiah was scribe; ¹⁸Benaiah son of Jehoiada supervised^[af] the Kerethites and Pelethites; and David’s sons were priests.^[ag]

David Finds Mephibosheth

9 ^[ah] Then David asked, “Is anyone still left from the family^[ai] of Saul, so that I may extend kindness to him for the sake of Jonathan?”

²Now there was a servant from Saul’s house named Ziba, so he was summoned to David. The king asked him, “Are you Ziba?” He replied, “At your service.”^[aj] ³The king asked, “Is there not someone left from Saul’s family^[ak] that I may extend God’s kindness to him?” Ziba said to the king, “One of Jonathan’s sons is left; both of his feet are crippled.” ⁴The king asked him, “Where is he?” Ziba told the king, “He is at the house of Makir son of Ammiel in Lo Debar.”

⁵So King David had him brought^[al] from the house of Makir son of Ammiel in^[am] Lo Debar. ⁶When Mephibosheth son of Jonathan, the son of Saul, came to David, he bowed low with his face toward the ground.^[an] David said, “Mephibosheth?” He replied, “Yes, at your service.”^[ao]

⁷David said to him, “Don’t be afraid, because I will certainly extend kindness to you for the sake of Jonathan your father. I will give back to you all the land that belonged to your grandfather Saul, and you will be a regular guest at my table.”^[ap] ⁸Then Mephibosheth^[aq] bowed and said, “Of what importance am I, your servant, that you show regard for a dead dog like me?”^[ar]

⁹Then the king summoned Ziba, Saul’s attendant, and said to him, “Everything that belonged to Saul and to his entire house I hereby give to your master’s grandson. ¹⁰You will cultivate^[as] the land for him—you and your sons and your servants. You will bring its produce^[at] and it will be^[au] food for your master’s grandson to eat.^[av] But Mephibosheth, your master’s grandson, will be a regular guest at my table.” (Now Ziba had fifteen sons and twenty servants.)

¹¹Ziba said to the king, “Your servant will do everything that my lord the king has instructed his servant to do.” So Mephibosheth was a regular guest^[aw] at David’s table,^[ax] just as though he were one of the king’s sons.

¹²Now Mephibosheth had a young son whose name was Mica. All the members of Ziba’s household were Mephibosheth’s servants. ¹³Mephibosheth was living in Jerusalem, for he was a regular guest at the king’s table. But both his feet were crippled.

Footnotes

2 Samuel 8:1 tn Heb “the bridle of one cubit.” Many English versions treat this as a place name because the parallel text in 1 Chr 18:1 reads “Gath” (which is used by NLT here). It is possible that “the bridle of one cubit” is to be understood as “the token of surrender,” referring to the Philistine’s defeat rather than a specific place (cf. TEV, CEV).
2 Samuel 8:1 tn Heb “from the hand [i.e., control] of the Philistines.”
2 Samuel 8:2 tn Heb “and he measured [with] two [lengths] of rope to put to death and [with] the fullness of the rope to keep alive.”
2 Samuel 8:2 tn Heb “and the Moabites were servants of David, carriers of tribute.”
2 Samuel 8:3 tc The LXX has ἐπιστῆσαι (epistēsai, “cause to stand”). See the parallel text in 1 Chr 18:3.
2 Samuel 8:3 tn Heb “hand.”
2 Samuel 8:3 tn The MT does not have the name “Euphrates” in the text. It is supplied in the margin (Qere) as one of ten places where the Masoretes believed that something was “to be read although it was not written” in the text as they had received it. The ancient versions (LXX, Syriac Peshitta, Vulgate) include the word. See also the parallel text in 1 Chr 18:3.
2 Samuel 8:4 tc The LXX has “1,000 chariots and 7,000 charioteers,” a reading adopted in the text of the NIV. See the parallel text in 1 Chr 18:4.
2 Samuel 8:4 tn Heb “and David cut the hamstrings of all the chariot horses, and he left from them 100 chariot horses.”
2 Samuel 8:6 tn Or “delivered.”
2 Samuel 8:6 tn Or “wherever he went.”
2 Samuel 8:7 tc The LXX includes seventeen words (in Greek) at the end of v. 7 that are not found in the MT. The LXX addition is as follows: “And Sousakim king of Egypt took them when he came up to Jerusalem in the days of Rehoboam the son of Solomon.” This Greek reading now finds Hebrew support in 4QSam^a. For a reconstruction of this poorly preserved Qumran text see E. C. Ulrich, Jr., The Qumran Text of Samuel and Josephus (HSM), 45-48.
2 Samuel 8:8 tn Heb “Betah” (so KJV, NASB, NRSV), but the name should probably be corrected to “Tebah.” See the parallel text in 1 Chr 18:8.
2 Samuel 8:9 tn The name is spelled “Tou” in the parallel text in 1 Chr 18:9. NIV adopts the spelling “Tou” here.
2 Samuel 8:10 tn Heb “Toi.” The proper name has been replaced by the pronoun in the translation for stylistic reasons.
2 Samuel 8:10 tn The name appears as “Hadoram” in the parallel text in 1 Chr 18:10.
2 Samuel 8:10 tn Heb “to ask concerning him for peace.”
2 Samuel 8:10 tn Heb “and to bless him because he fought with Hadadezer and defeated him, for Hadadezer was a man of battles with Toi.”
2 Samuel 8:10 tn Heb “and in his hand were items of silver and items of gold and items of bronze.”
2 Samuel 8:11 tn Heb “also them King David made holy to the Lord.”
2 Samuel 8:11 tn Heb “with the silver and the gold that he had dedicated from.”
2 Samuel 8:12 tn Heb “from.”
2 Samuel 8:12 tc Heb “Aram.” A few Hebrew mss along with the LXX and Syriac read “Edom” (cf. 2 Sam 8:14 and 1 Chr 18:11). Aram and Edom are spelled similarly, the difference being a ד (dalet) vs. a ר (resh). Besides the textual witnesses, the geography in v. 13, the Valley of Salt, fits Edom and not Aram.
2 Samuel 8:12 tn Heb “and from the plunder of.”
2 Samuel 8:13 tn Heb “made a name.”
2 Samuel 8:13 tc See the note on “Aram” in v. 12.
2 Samuel 8:13 tn The words “he defeated” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
2 Samuel 8:14 tc The MT is repetitious here: “He placed in Edom garrisons; in all Edom he placed garrisons.” The Vulgate lacks “in all Edom”; most of the Greek tradition (with the exception of the Lucianic recension and the recension of Origen) and the Syriac Peshitta lack “he placed garrisons.” The MT reading appears here to be the result of a conflation of variant readings.
2 Samuel 8:15 tn Heb “and David was doing what is just and fair for all his people.”
2 Samuel 8:16 tn Heb “was over.”
2 Samuel 8:17 tc Here Ahimelech is called “the son of Abiathar,” but NCV, CEV, and REB reverse this to conform with 1 Sam 22:20. Most recent English versions (e.g., NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT) retain the order found in the MT.
2 Samuel 8:18 tc The translation follows the Syriac Peshitta, Targum, and Vulgate in reading “over,” rather than the simple conjunction that appears in MT. See also the parallel passage in 1 Chr 18:17.
2 Samuel 8:18 sn That David’s sons could have been priests, in light of the fact that they were not of the priestly lineage, is strange. One must assume either (1) that the word “priest” (כֹּהֵן, kohen) during this period of time could be used in a broader sense of “chief ruler” (KJV); “chief minister” (ASV, NASB), or “royal adviser” (NIV), perhaps based on the parallel passage in 1 Chr 18:17 which has “the king’s leading officials”, or (2) that in David’s day members of the king’s family could function as a special category of “priests” (cf. NLT “priestly leaders”). The latter option seems to be the more straightforward way of understanding the word in 2 Sam 8:18.
2 Samuel 9:1 sn 2 Samuel 9-20 is known as the Succession Narrative. It is a literary unit that describes David’s efforts at consolidating his own kingdom following the demise of King Saul; it also provides the transition to subsequent leadership on the part of David’s successor Solomon.
2 Samuel 9:1 tn Heb “house.”
2 Samuel 9:2 tn Heb “your servant.”
2 Samuel 9:3 tn Heb “house.”
2 Samuel 9:5 tn Heb “sent and took him.”
2 Samuel 9:5 tn Heb “from.”
2 Samuel 9:6 tn Heb “he fell on his face and bowed down.”
2 Samuel 9:6 tn Heb “Look, your servant.”
2 Samuel 9:7 tn Heb “and you will eat food at my table continually.”
2 Samuel 9:8 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Mephibosheth) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
2 Samuel 9:8 tn Heb “What is your servant, that you turn to a dead dog which is like me?”
2 Samuel 9:10 tn Heb “work.”
2 Samuel 9:10 tn The Hebrew text implies, but does not actually contain, the words “its produce” here.
2 Samuel 9:10 tc The words “it will be,” though present in the MT, are absent from the LXX, the Syriac Peshitta, and Vulgate.
2 Samuel 9:10 tn Heb “and he will eat it.”
2 Samuel 9:11 tn Heb “eating.”
2 Samuel 9:11 tc Heb “my table.” But the first person reference to David is awkward here since the quotation of David’s words has already been concluded in v. 10; nor does the “my” refer to Ziba, since the latter part of v. 11 does not seem to be part of Ziba’s response to the king. The ancient versions are not unanimous in the way that they render the phrase. The LXX has “the table of David” (τῆς τραπέζης Δαυιδ, tēs trapezēs Dauid); the Syriac Peshitta has “the table of the king” (patureh demalkaʾ); the Vulgate has “your table” (mensam tuam). The present translation follows the LXX.

1 Chronicles 18

David Conquers the Neighboring Nations

18 Later David defeated the Philistines and subdued them. He took Gath and its surrounding towns^[a] away from the Philistines.^[b]

²He defeated the Moabites; the Moabites became David’s subjects and brought tribute.^[c]

³David defeated King Hadadezer of Zobah as far as Hamath, when he went to extend his authority^[d] to the Euphrates River.^[e] ⁴David seized from him 1,000 chariots, 7,000 charioteers,^[f] and 20,000 infantrymen . David cut the hamstrings of all but 100 of Hadadezer’s^[g] chariot horses.^[h] ⁵The Arameans of Damascus came to help King Hadadezer of Zobah, but David killed 22,000 of the Arameans. ⁶David placed garrisons in the territory of the Arameans of Damascus;^[i] the Arameans became David’s subjects and brought tribute. The Lord protected^[j] David wherever he campaigned.^[k] ⁷David took the golden shields which Hadadezer’s servants had carried^[l] and brought them to Jerusalem. ⁸From Tibhath^[m] and Kun,^[n] Hadadezer’s cities, David took a great deal of bronze. (Solomon used it to make the big bronze basin called “The Sea,”^[o] the pillars, and other bronze items.)

⁹When King Tou^[p] of Hamath heard that David had defeated the entire army of King Hadadezer of Zobah, ¹⁰he sent his son Hadoram^[q] to King David to extend his best wishes^[r] and to pronounce a blessing on him for his victory over Hadadezer, for Tou had been at war with Hadadezer.^[s] He also sent various items made of gold, silver, and bronze.^[t] ¹¹King David dedicated these things to the Lord,^[u] along with the silver and gold which he had carried off from all the nations, including^[v] Edom,^[w] Moab, the Ammonites, the Philistines, and Amalek.

¹²Abishai son of Zeruiah^[x] killed 18,000 Edomites in the Valley of Salt. ¹³He placed garrisons in Edom, and all the Edomites became David’s subjects. The Lord protected^[y] David wherever he campaigned.^[z]

David’s Officials

¹⁴David reigned over all Israel; he guaranteed justice for all his people.^[aa] ¹⁵Joab son of Zeruiah was commanding general of^[ab] the army; Jehoshaphat son of Ahilud was secretary; ¹⁶Zadok son of Ahitub and Abimelech son of Abiathar were priests; Shavsha^[ac] was scribe; ¹⁷Benaiah son of Jehoiada supervised^[ad] the Kerethites and Pelethites; and David’s sons were the king’s leading officials.^[ae]

Footnotes

1 Chronicles 18:1 tn 2 Sam 8:1 identifies this region as “Metheg Ammah.”
1 Chronicles 18:1 tn Heb “from the hand of the Philistines.” Here “hand” is figurative language for “control.”
1 Chronicles 18:2 tn Heb “carriers of tribute,” i.e., tribute payers.
1 Chronicles 18:3 tn Heb “hand.”
1 Chronicles 18:3 tn Heb “when he went to set up his hand at the Euphrates River.” The Hebrew word יָד (yad, “hand”) is usually understood to mean “control” or “dominion” here. However, since יָד does occasionally refer to a monument, perhaps one could translate, “to set up his monument at the Euphrates River” (i.e., as a visible marker of the limits of his dominion). For another example of the Hiphil of נָצַב (natsav) used with יָד (“monument”), see 1 Sam 15:12.
1 Chronicles 18:4 tn Or “horsemen.”
1 Chronicles 18:4 tn Heb “his”; the referent (Hadadezer) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1 Chronicles 18:4 tn Heb “and David cut the hamstrings of all the chariot horses, and he left from them one hundred chariot horses.”
1 Chronicles 18:6 tc Heb “and David placed in Aram of Damascus.” The object נְצִיבִים (n^etsivim, “garrisons”) appears to have been accidentally omitted from the text. See v. 13, as well as the parallel passage in 2 Sam 8:6, which includes it.
1 Chronicles 18:6 tn Or “delivered.”
1 Chronicles 18:6 tn Or “wherever he went.”
1 Chronicles 18:7 tn Heb “which were upon the servants of Hadadezer.”
1 Chronicles 18:8 tn The MT reads “Tibhath” here, a variant name for Tebah (cf. 2 Sam 8:8). Some English translations substitute the other version of the name here (e.g., NIV, NLT), while others follow the reading of the Hebrew text at this point (e.g., NAB, NASB, NRSV).
1 Chronicles 18:8 tn The parallel text of 2 Sam 8:8 has the variant name “Berothai.”
1 Chronicles 18:8 tn Heb “the sea of bronze,” or “[the] sea, the bronze one.” See the note at 1 Kgs 7:23.
1 Chronicles 18:9 tn The name is spelled “Toi” in the parallel text in 2 Sam 8:9.
1 Chronicles 18:10 tn The name is spelled “Joram” in the parallel text in 2 Sam 8:10.
1 Chronicles 18:10 tn Heb “to ask concerning him for peace.”
1 Chronicles 18:10 tn Heb “and to bless him because he fought with Hadadezer and defeated him, for Hadadezer was a man of battles with Tou.”
1 Chronicles 18:10 tn Heb “[along with] all items of gold and silver and bronze.”
1 Chronicles 18:11 tn Heb “also them King David made holy to the Lord.”
1 Chronicles 18:11 tn Heb “from.”
1 Chronicles 18:11 tc The parallel text of 2 Sam 8:12 of the MT reads “Aram.” However, a few Hebrew mss along with the LXX and Syriac of 2 Sam 8:12 read “Edom” in agreement with 1 Chr 18:11 (cf. 2 Sam 8:14).
1 Chronicles 18:12 tn The parallel text of 2 Sam 8:13 attributes this victory to David.
1 Chronicles 18:13 tn Or “delivered.”
1 Chronicles 18:13 tn Or “wherever he went.”
1 Chronicles 18:14 tn Heb “and he was doing what is just and fair for all his people.”
1 Chronicles 18:15 tn Heb “over.”
1 Chronicles 18:16 tn The parallel text of 2 Sam 8:17 has the variant spelling “Seraiah.”
1 Chronicles 18:17 tn Heb “[was] over.”
1 Chronicles 18:17 tn Heb “and the sons of David [were] the first ones at the hand of David.” The parallel text of 2 Sam 8:18 identifies them as “priests” (see sn there on the word “priests”).

New English Translation (NET)

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Chronological

David Subjugates Nearby Nations

David’s Cabinet

David Finds Mephibosheth

Footnotes

David Conquers the Neighboring Nations

David’s Officials

Footnotes