New Testament in a Year

Footnotes

1. Luke 21:20 sn See Luke 19:41-44. This passage refers to the events associated with the fall of Jerusalem, when the city is surrounded by armies.
2. Luke 21:20 tn Grk “her,” referring to the city of Jerusalem (the name “Jerusalem” in Greek is a feminine noun).
3. Luke 21:20 sn The phrase its desolation is a reference to the fall of the city, which is the only antecedent present in Luke’s account. The parallels to this in Matt 24:15 and Mark 13:14 refer to the temple’s desolation, though Matthew’s allusion is clearer. They focus on the parallel events of the end, not on the short term realization in a.d. 70. The entire passage has a prophetic “two events in one” typology, where the near term destruction (a.d. 70) is like the end. So the evangelists could choose to focus on the near time realization (Luke) or on its long term fulfillment, which mirrors it (Matthew, Mark).
4. Luke 21:21 sn Fleeing to the mountains is a key OT image: Gen 19:17; Judg 6:2; Isa 15:5; Jer 16:16; Zech 14:5.
5. Luke 21:21 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
6. Luke 21:21 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
7. Luke 21:22 tn Or “of punishment.” This is a time of judgment.
8. Luke 21:22 tn The passive construction with the infinitive πλησθῆναι (plēsthēnai) has been translated as an active construction for simplicity, in keeping with contemporary English style.
9. Luke 21:23 sn Great distress means that this is a period of great judgment.
10. Luke 21:24 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
11. Luke 21:24 tn Grk “by the mouth of the sword” (an idiom for the edge of a sword).
12. Luke 21:24 sn Here is the predicted judgment against the nation until the time of Gentile rule has passed: Its people will be led away as captives.
13. Luke 21:24 tn Grk “And Jerusalem.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
14. Luke 21:24 sn Until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled implies a time when Israel again has a central role in God’s plan.
15. Luke 21:25 sn Signs in the sun and moon and stars are cosmic signs that turn our attention to the end and the Son of Man’s return for the righteous. OT imagery is present: See Isa 13:9-10; 24:18-20; 34:4; Ezek 32:7-8; Joel 2:1, 30-31; 3:15.
16. Luke 21:25 tn Grk “distress of nations.”
17. Luke 21:25 tn Or “in consternation” (L&N 32.9).
18. Luke 21:26 tn According to L&N 23.184 this could be mainly a psychological experience rather than actual loss of consciousness. It could also refer to complete discouragement because of fear, leading people to give up hope (L&N 25.293).
19. Luke 21:26 sn An allusion to Isa 34:4. The heavens were seen as the abode of heavenly forces, so their shaking indicates distress in the spiritual realm. Although some take the powers as a reference to bodies in the heavens (like stars and planets, “the heavenly bodies,” NIV) this is not as likely.
20. Luke 21:27 tn Grk “And then” (καὶ τότε, kai tote). Here καί has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
21. Luke 21:27 sn An allusion to Dan 7:13. Here is Jesus returning with full judging authority.
22. Luke 21:28 sn These things are all the events of vv. 8-27. Disciples represent the righteous here. The events surrounding the fall of the nation are a down payment on a fuller judgment to come on all humanity. The presence of one guarantees the other.
23. Luke 21:28 sn With Jesus’ return comes the manifestation of judgment and final salvation (redemption).
24. Luke 21:29 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
25. Luke 21:29 tn Grk “all the trees.”
26. Luke 21:30 tn Grk “seeing for yourselves, you know.” The participle βλέποντες (blepontes) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
27. Luke 21:31 tn The verb γινώσκετε (ginōskete, “know”) can be parsed as either present indicative or present imperative. In this context the imperative fits better, since the movement is from analogy (trees and seasons) to the future (the signs of the coming of the kingdom) and since the emphasis is on preparation for this event.
28. Luke 21:31 sn The kingdom of God refers here to the kingdom in all its power. See Luke 17:20-37.
29. Luke 21:32 tn Grk “Truly (ἀμήν, amēn), I say to you.”
30. Luke 21:32 sn This is one of the hardest verses in the gospels to interpret. Various views exist for what generation means. (1) Some take it as meaning “race” and thus as an assurance that the Jewish race (nation) will not pass away. But it is very questionable that the Greek term γενεά (genea) can have this meaning. Two other options are possible. (2) Generation might mean “this type of generation” and refer to the generation of wicked humanity. Then the point is that humanity will not perish, because God will redeem it. Or (3) generation may refer to “the generation that sees the signs of the end” (vv. 25-26), who will also see the end itself. In other words, once the movement to the return of Christ starts, all the events connected with it happen very quickly, in rapid succession.
31. Luke 21:33 sn The words that Jesus predicts here will never pass away. They are more stable and lasting than creation itself. For this kind of image, see Isa 40:8; 55:10-11.
32. Luke 21:34 tn Grk “watch out for yourselves.”sn Disciples are to watch out. If they are too absorbed into everyday life, they will stop watching and living faithfully.
33. Luke 21:34 sn Or like a thief, see Luke 12:39-40. The metaphor of a trap is a vivid one. Most modern English translations traditionally place the words “like a trap” at the end of v. 34, completing the metaphor. In the Greek text (and in the NRSV and REB) the words “like a trap” are placed at the beginning of v. 35. This does not affect the meaning.
34. Luke 21:35 tn There is debate in the textual tradition about the position of γάρ (gar) and whether v. 35 looks back to v. 34 or is independent. The textual evidence does slightly favor placing γάρ after the verb and thus linking it back to v. 34. The other reading looks like Isa 24:17. However, the construction is harsh and the translation prefers for stylistic reasons to start a new English sentence here.
35. Luke 21:35 tn Or “come upon.”
36. Luke 21:35 sn This judgment involves everyone: all who live on the face of the whole earth. No one will escape this evaluation.
37. Luke 21:36 sn The call to be alert at all times is a call to remain faithful in looking for the Lord’s return.
38. Luke 21:36 tn For the translation of μέλλω (mellō) as “must,” see L&N 71.36.
39. Luke 21:37 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “so” since vv. 37-38 serve as something of a summary or transition from the discourse preceding to the passion narrative that follows.
40. Luke 21:37 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
41. Luke 21:37 tn Grk “in the temple.”
42. Luke 21:37 tn Grk “and spent the night,” but this is redundant because of the previous use of the word “night.”
43. Luke 21:37 tn Grk “at the mountain called ‘of Olives.’” sn See the note on the phrase Mount of Olives in 19:29.
44. Luke 21:38 sn Jesus’ teaching was still quite popular with all the people at this point despite the leaders’ opposition.
45. Luke 21:38 tc Some mss (those of ƒ¹³) place John 7:53-8:11 here after v. 38, no doubt because it was felt that this was a better setting for the pericope.tn Grk “in the temple.”