Joshua Takes Moses’s Place

31 Then Moses continued to speak these[a] words to all Israel, saying, “I am now 120 years old;(A) I can no longer act as your leader.[b] The Lord has told me, ‘You will not cross the Jordan.’(B) The Lord your God is the one who will cross ahead of you.(C) He will destroy these nations before you, and you will drive them out. Joshua is the one who will cross ahead of you, as the Lord has said.(D) The Lord will deal with them as he did Sihon and Og, the kings of the Amorites, and their land when he destroyed them.(E) The Lord will deliver them over to you, and you must do to them exactly as I have commanded you. Be strong and courageous;(F) don’t be terrified or afraid of them. For the Lord your God is the one who will go with you;(G) he will not leave you or abandon you.”(H)

Moses then summoned Joshua and said to him in the sight of all Israel, “Be strong and courageous, for you will go with[c] this people into the land the Lord swore to give to their ancestors.(I) You will enable them to take possession of it. The Lord is the one who will go before you.(J) He will be with you; he will not leave you or abandon you.(K) Do not be afraid or discouraged.”

Moses wrote down this law and gave it to the priests, the sons of Levi, who carried the ark of the Lord’s covenant, and to all the elders of Israel. 10 Moses commanded them, “At the end of every seven years, at the appointed time in the year of debt cancellation,(L) during the Festival of Shelters,(M) 11 when all Israel assembles in the presence of the Lord your God at the place he chooses,(N) you are to read this law aloud before all Israel.(O) 12 Gather the people—men, women, dependents, and the resident aliens within your city gates—so that they may listen and learn to fear(P) the Lord your God and be careful to follow all the words of this law. 13 Then their children(Q) who do not know the law will listen and learn to fear the Lord your God as long as you live in the land you are crossing the Jordan to possess.”

14 The Lord said to Moses, “The time of your death is now approaching. Call Joshua and present yourselves at the tent of meeting so that I may commission him.” When Moses and Joshua went and presented themselves at the tent of meeting, 15 the Lord appeared at the tent in a pillar of cloud,(R) and the cloud stood at the entrance to the tent.(S)

16 The Lord said to Moses, “You are about to rest with your ancestors,(T) and these people will soon prostitute themselves with the foreign gods(U) of the land they are entering. They will abandon me(V) and break the covenant(W) I have made with them. 17 My anger will burn against them on that day;(X) I will abandon them and hide my face from them so that they will become easy prey.(Y) Many troubles and afflictions will come to them. On that day they will say, ‘Haven’t these troubles come to us because our God is no longer with us?’ 18 I will certainly hide my face on that day because of all the evil they have done by turning to other gods. 19 Therefore write down this song(Z) for yourselves and teach it to the Israelites; have them sing it,[d] so that this song may be a witness for me against the Israelites. 20 When I bring them into the land I swore to give their ancestors, a land flowing with milk and honey,(AA) they will eat their fill(AB) and prosper.[e] They will turn to other gods and worship them, despising me(AC) and breaking my covenant.(AD) 21 And when many troubles and afflictions come to them, this song will testify against them, because[f] their descendants will not have forgotten it. For I know what they are prone to do,[g] even before I bring them into the land I swore to give them.” 22 So Moses wrote down this song on that day and taught it to the Israelites.

23 The Lord commissioned Joshua son of Nun, “Be strong and courageous, for you will bring the Israelites into the land I swore to them, and I will be with you.”(AE)

Moses Warns the People

24 When Moses had finished writing down on a scroll every single word of this law, 25 he commanded the Levites who carried the ark of the Lord’s covenant, 26 “Take this book of the law and place it beside the ark of the covenant of the Lord your God so that it may remain there as a witness against you. 27 For I know how rebellious and stiff-necked you are. If you are rebelling against the Lord now, while I am still alive, how much more will you rebel after I am dead! 28 Assemble all your tribal elders and officers before me so that I may speak these words directly to them and call heaven and earth as witnesses against them.(AF) 29 For I know that after my death you will become completely corrupt and turn from the path I have commanded you. Disaster will come to you in the future, because you will do what is evil in the Lord’s sight, angering him with what your hands have made.”(AG) 30 Then Moses recited aloud every single word of this song to the entire assembly of Israel:

Footnotes

  1. 31:1 Some Hb mss, DSS, LXX, Syr, Vg read all these
  2. 31:2 Lit no longer go out or come in
  3. 31:7 Some Hb mss, Sam, Syr, Vg read you will bring
  4. 31:19 Lit Israelites; put it in their mouths
  5. 31:20 Lit be fat
  6. 31:21 Lit because the mouths of
  7. 31:21 Or know the plans they are devising

Les derniers actes de Moïse

Josué, successeur de Moïse

31 Moïse adressa à tout Israël le discours suivant : J’ai maintenant cent vingt ans, je ne pourrai plus marcher à votre tête. L’Eternel m’a dit que je ne traverserai pas le Jourdain que voici[a]. L’Eternel votre Dieu marchera lui-même devant vous. Il exterminera devant vous les peuples qui habitent là-bas, pour que vous puissiez prendre possession de leur pays ; et c’est Josué qui sera à votre tête, comme l’Eternel l’a déclaré. L’Eternel les détruira comme il a détruit Sihôn et Og, rois des Amoréens ainsi que leur pays[b]. Il vous donnera la victoire sur ces peuples, et vous les traiterez exactement comme je vous l’ai ordonné. Prenez courage, tenez bon ! Ne craignez rien et ne vous laissez pas effrayer par eux, car l’Eternel votre Dieu marche lui-même avec vous, il ne vous délaissera pas et ne vous abandonnera pas.

Puis Moïse appela Josué et lui dit devant tout Israël : Prends courage, tiens bon, car c’est toi qui feras entrer ce peuple dans le pays que l’Eternel a promis par serment à leurs ancêtres de leur donner, et c’est toi qui leur en feras prendre possession[c]. L’Eternel lui-même marchera devant toi, il sera avec toi, il ne te délaissera pas et il ne t’abandonnera pas. Ne crains rien et ne te laisse pas effrayer !

La lecture périodique de la Loi

Moïse mit cette Loi par écrit et la confia aux prêtres descendants de Lévi chargés de porter le coffre de l’alliance de l’Eternel, ainsi qu’à tous les responsables d’Israël.

10 Il leur donna cet ordre : Tous les sept ans, au moment où commencera l’année de la remise des dettes[d], lors de la fête des Cabanes[e], 11 quand tout Israël viendra se présenter devant l’Eternel votre Dieu dans le lieu qu’il aura choisi, vous lirez cette Loi pour tout Israël. 12 Vous rassemblerez tout le peuple, les hommes, les femmes, les enfants et les étrangers qui résident chez vous, afin qu’ils entendent la lecture de la Loi, qu’ils apprennent à craindre l’Eternel votre Dieu et à obéir à toute cette Loi en en appliquant toutes les ordonnances[f]. 13 Ainsi leurs enfants, qui ne la connaîtront pas encore, l’entendront aussi et apprendront à craindre l’Eternel votre Dieu, tant que vous vivrez dans le pays dont vous allez prendre possession, après avoir traversé le Jourdain.

Les textes-témoins contre l’infidélité

14 L’Eternel dit à Moïse : Voici que le moment de ta fin approche. Fais venir Josué et présentez-vous dans la tente de la Rencontre ; là, je lui donnerai mes ordres.

Moïse et Josué se rendirent à la tente de la Rencontre et se tinrent à l’intérieur. 15 Là, l’Eternel leur apparut dans la colonne de nuée qui se tint à l’entrée de la tente. 16 S’adressant à Moïse, il dit : Voici, tu vas bientôt rejoindre tes ancêtres décédés. Après ta mort, ce peuple ira se prostituer avec les dieux étrangers du pays dans lequel il se rend, il m’abandonnera et violera l’alliance que j’ai conclue avec lui. 17 A cause de cela, ma colère s’enflammera contre lui en ce jour-là ; je l’abandonnerai, et je me détournerai de lui. Alors le peuple deviendra la proie d’autres peuples, beaucoup de malheurs et de grandes détresses s’abattront sur lui. Ce jour-là, les Israélites se diront : « En vérité c’est parce que notre Dieu n’est plus au milieu de nous que tous ces malheurs nous arrivent. »

18 Oui, à ce moment-là, je me détournerai totalement d’eux, à cause de tout le mal qu’ils auront commis en se tournant vers d’autres dieux.

19 Et maintenant, mettez par écrit le cantique qui suit. Toi, Moïse, tu l’apprendras aux Israélites : fais-le leur chanter afin que ce cantique me serve de témoin contre eux. 20 En effet, je les ferai entrer dans le pays où ruissellent le lait et le miel, que j’ai promis par serment à leurs ancêtres : ils y mangeront à satiété et vivront dans l’abondance ; alors ils se tourneront vers d’autres dieux et leur rendront un culte, ils m’irriteront et violeront mon alliance. 21 Beaucoup de malheurs et de grandes détresses s’abattront sur eux, alors ce cantique servira de témoin à charge contre eux. Car leurs descendants ne l’oublieront pas et ne cesseront pas de le chanter. Je connais, en effet, les dispositions de leur cœur dès à présent, avant même que je les fasse entrer dans le pays que je leur ai promis par serment.

22 Ce même jour, Moïse mit par écrit le cantique qui suit et l’apprit aux Israélites.

23 Après cela, l’Eternel donna ses ordres à Josué, fils de Noun. Il lui dit : Prends courage et tiens bon, car c’est toi qui feras entrer les Israélites dans le pays que je leur ai promis par serment ; et moi je serai avec toi[g].

24 Lorsque Moïse eut fini de transcrire dans un livre toutes les paroles de cette Loi dans leur intégralité, 25 il donna cet ordre aux lévites chargés de porter le coffre de l’alliance de l’Eternel : 26 Prenez ce livre de la Loi et déposez-le à côté du coffre de l’alliance de l’Eternel votre Dieu. Il y restera pour servir de témoin contre le peuple d’Israël. 27 En effet, je sais que vous êtes indociles et rebelles. Si aujourd’hui, alors que je suis encore en vie au milieu de vous, vous vous révoltez contre l’Eternel, combien plus le ferez-vous après ma mort ! 28 Maintenant, rassemblez autour de moi tous les responsables de vos tribus et vos responsables, je leur communiquerai les paroles de ce cantique et je prendrai le ciel et la terre à témoin contre eux. 29 Je sais, en effet, qu’après ma mort vous ne manquerez pas de vous corrompre et de vous détourner du chemin que je vous ai prescrit. Alors le malheur fondra sur vous dans l’avenir, parce que vous aurez fait ce que l’Eternel considère comme mal et que vous aurez provoqué sa colère par vos actes.

30 Moïse transmit donc à toute l’assemblée d’Israël le cantique suivant dans sa totalité :

Footnotes

  1. 31.2 Voir Nb 20.12.
  2. 31.4 Voir 2.24 à 3.6 ; Nb 21.21-35.
  3. 31.7 Les v. 7-8 sont repris en Jos 1.5-7 ; 1 Ch 28.20. Cités en Hé 13.5.
  4. 31.10 Voir Dt 15.1-11.
  5. 31.10 Voir Dt 16.13-17.
  6. 31.12 Seule fête à laquelle il est explicitement demandé aux femmes et aux enfants d’assister afin qu’ils entendent la lecture de la Loi.
  7. 31.23 Voir Jos 1.6.

31 And Moses went and spake these words unto all Israel.

And he said unto them, I am an hundred and twenty years old this day; I can no more go out and come in: also the Lord hath said unto me, Thou shalt not go over this Jordan.

The Lord thy God, he will go over before thee, and he will destroy these nations from before thee, and thou shalt possess them: and Joshua, he shall go over before thee, as the Lord hath said.

And the Lord shall do unto them as he did to Sihon and to Og, kings of the Amorites, and unto the land of them, whom he destroyed.

And the Lord shall give them up before your face, that ye may do unto them according unto all the commandments which I have commanded you.

Be strong and of a good courage, fear not, nor be afraid of them: for the Lord thy God, he it is that doth go with thee; he will not fail thee, nor forsake thee.

And Moses called unto Joshua, and said unto him in the sight of all Israel, Be strong and of a good courage: for thou must go with this people unto the land which the Lord hath sworn unto their fathers to give them; and thou shalt cause them to inherit it.

And the Lord, he it is that doth go before thee; he will be with thee, he will not fail thee, neither forsake thee: fear not, neither be dismayed.

And Moses wrote this law, and delivered it unto the priests the sons of Levi, which bare the ark of the covenant of the Lord, and unto all the elders of Israel.

10 And Moses commanded them, saying, At the end of every seven years, in the solemnity of the year of release, in the feast of tabernacles,

11 When all Israel is come to appear before the Lord thy God in the place which he shall choose, thou shalt read this law before all Israel in their hearing.

12 Gather the people together, men and women, and children, and thy stranger that is within thy gates, that they may hear, and that they may learn, and fear the Lord your God, and observe to do all the words of this law:

13 And that their children, which have not known any thing, may hear, and learn to fear the Lord your God, as long as ye live in the land whither ye go over Jordan to possess it.

14 And the Lord said unto Moses, Behold, thy days approach that thou must die: call Joshua, and present yourselves in the tabernacle of the congregation, that I may give him a charge. And Moses and Joshua went, and presented themselves in the tabernacle of the congregation.

15 And the Lord appeared in the tabernacle in a pillar of a cloud: and the pillar of the cloud stood over the door of the tabernacle.

16 And the Lord said unto Moses, Behold, thou shalt sleep with thy fathers; and this people will rise up, and go a whoring after the gods of the strangers of the land, whither they go to be among them, and will forsake me, and break my covenant which I have made with them.

17 Then my anger shall be kindled against them in that day, and I will forsake them, and I will hide my face from them, and they shall be devoured, and many evils and troubles shall befall them; so that they will say in that day, Are not these evils come upon us, because our God is not among us?

18 And I will surely hide my face in that day for all the evils which they shall have wrought, in that they are turned unto other gods.

19 Now therefore write ye this song for you, and teach it the children of Israel: put it in their mouths, that this song may be a witness for me against the children of Israel.

20 For when I shall have brought them into the land which I sware unto their fathers, that floweth with milk and honey; and they shall have eaten and filled themselves, and waxen fat; then will they turn unto other gods, and serve them, and provoke me, and break my covenant.

21 And it shall come to pass, when many evils and troubles are befallen them, that this song shall testify against them as a witness; for it shall not be forgotten out of the mouths of their seed: for I know their imagination which they go about, even now, before I have brought them into the land which I sware.

22 Moses therefore wrote this song the same day, and taught it the children of Israel.

23 And he gave Joshua the son of Nun a charge, and said, Be strong and of a good courage: for thou shalt bring the children of Israel into the land which I sware unto them: and I will be with thee.

24 And it came to pass, when Moses had made an end of writing the words of this law in a book, until they were finished,

25 That Moses commanded the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of the Lord, saying,

26 Take this book of the law, and put it in the side of the ark of the covenant of the Lord your God, that it may be there for a witness against thee.

27 For I know thy rebellion, and thy stiff neck: behold, while I am yet alive with you this day, ye have been rebellious against the Lord; and how much more after my death?

28 Gather unto me all the elders of your tribes, and your officers, that I may speak these words in their ears, and call heaven and earth to record against them.

29 For I know that after my death ye will utterly corrupt yourselves, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the latter days; because ye will do evil in the sight of the Lord, to provoke him to anger through the work of your hands.

30 And Moses spake in the ears of all the congregation of Israel the words of this song, until they were ended.

Moses announces his death

31 Then Moses said[a] these words to all Israel, telling them:

I’m 120 years old today. I can’t move around well anymore. Plus, the Lord told me “You won’t cross the Jordan River.” But the Lord your God, he’s the one who will cross over before you! He’s the one who will destroy these nations before you so you can displace them. Joshua too will cross over before you just like the Lord indicated. The Lord will do to these enemies the same thing he did to the Amorite kings Sihon and Og, and to their land, when he destroyed them. The Lord will lay them out before you, and you will do to them exactly what the command I’ve given you dictates. Be strong! Be fearless! Don’t be afraid and don’t be scared by your enemies, because the Lord your God is the one who marches with you. He won’t let you down, and he won’t abandon you.

Then Moses called Joshua and, with all Israel watching, said to him: “Be strong and fearless because you are the one who will lead[b] this people to the land the Lord swore to their ancestors to give to them; you are the one who will divide up the land for them. But the Lord is the one who is marching before you! He is the one who will be with you! He won’t let you down. He won’t abandon you. So don’t be afraid or scared!”

Regular reading of the Instruction

Then Moses wrote this Instruction down and gave it to the priests—the Levites who carry the chest containing the Lord’s covenant—and to all of the Israelite elders. 10 Moses then commanded them:

At the end of seven years, at the appointed time in the year of debt cancellation, during the Festival of Booths, 11 when all Israel comes to appear before the Lord your God at the location he selects, you must read this Instruction aloud, in the hearing of all the people. 12 Gather everyone—men, women, children, and the immigrants who live in your cities—in order that they hear it, learn it, and revere the Lord your God, carefully doing all the words of this Instruction, 13 and so that their children, who don’t yet know the Instruction, may hear it and learn to revere the Lord your God for as long as you live on the ground you are crossing the Jordan River to possess.

Joshua commissioned

14 Then the Lord said to Moses: “It’s almost time for you to die. Summon Joshua. The two of you must present yourselves at the meeting tent so I can command him.” So Moses and Joshua went and presented themselves at the meeting tent. 15 The Lord appeared in the tent in a pillar of cloud; the cloud pillar stood at the tent’s entrance. 16 The Lord then said to Moses:

“Soon you will rest with your ancestors, and the people will rise up and act unfaithfully, going after strange gods of the land they are entering. They will abandon me, breaking my covenant that I made with them. 17 At that point my anger will burn against them, and I’ll be the one who abandons them! I’ll hide my face from them. They will become nothing but food for their enemies,[c] and all sorts of bad things and misfortunes will happen to them. Then they will say: ‘Haven’t these terrible things happened to us because our God is no longer with us?’ 18 But I will hide my face at that time because of the many wrong things they have done, because they have turned to other gods! 19 So in light of all that, you must write down this poem and teach it to the Israelites. Put it in their mouths so that the poem becomes a witness for me against them. 20 When I bring the Israelites to the land I swore to their ancestors, which is full of milk and honey, and they eat, get full, then fat, and then turn toward other gods, serving them and disrespecting me and breaking my covenant, 21 then, when all kinds of bad things and misfortunes happen to them, this poem will witness against them, giving its testimony, because it won’t be lost from the mouths of their descendants. Yes, I know right now what they are inclined to do, even before I’ve brought them into the land I swore.”

22 So Moses wrote this poem down that very day, and he taught it to the Israelites.

23 Then the Lord commissioned Joshua, Nun’s son: “Be strong and fearless because you are the one who will bring the Israelites to the land I swore to them. I myself will be with you.”

Life after Moses

24 Once Moses had finished writing in their entirety all the words of this Instruction scroll, 25 he commanded the Levites who carry the chest containing the Lord’s covenant as follows:

26 “Take this Instruction scroll and put it next to the chest containing the Lord your God’s covenant. It must remain there as a witness against you 27 because I know how rebellious and hardheaded you are. If you are this rebellious toward the Lord while I’m still alive, it’s bound to get worse once I’m dead! 28 Assemble all of your tribes’ elders and your officials in front of me, so I can speak these words in their hearing, and so I can call heaven and earth as my witnesses against them, 29 because I know that after I’m dead, you will ruin everything, departing from the path I’ve commanded you. Terrible things will happen to you in the future because you will do evil in the Lord’s eyes, aggravating him with the things your hands have made.”

The poem of Instruction

30 Then Moses recited in their entirety the words of this poem in the hearing of the entire assembly of Israel:

Footnotes

  1. Deuteronomy 31:1 LXX, DSS (1QDeutb) When Moses had finished speaking
  2. Deuteronomy 31:7 Sam, Vulg, Syr; MT, Tg accompany
  3. Deuteronomy 31:17 Heb lacks for their enemies.