Les réformes de Josias(A)

34 Josias avait huit ans à son avènement et il régna trente et un ans à Jérusalem[a]. Il fit ce que l’Eternel considère comme juste et suivit l’exemple de son ancêtre David sans jamais s’en écarter ni d’un côté ni de l’autre.

(2 R 23.4-20)

Dès la huitième année de son règne, alors qu’il était encore jeune, il entreprit de chercher à plaire au Dieu de David, son ancêtre, et la douzième année, il se mit à purifier Juda et Jérusalem des hauts lieux, des pieux sacrés d’Ashéra, des idoles de bois sculpté et des idoles en métal fondu. On démolit en sa présence les autels des Baals. On abattit les autels à parfums[b] placés sur ces autels. Il coupa les pieux sacrés d’Ashéra, brisa les idoles sculptées ou fondues et les réduisit en poussière qu’il dispersa sur les tombes de ceux qui avaient offert des sacrifices à ces faux dieux. Il brûla les ossements des prêtres des idoles sur leurs autels[c]. C’est ainsi qu’il purifia Juda et Jérusalem. Puis il passa dans les villes de Manassé, d’Ephraïm, de Siméon et jusqu’en Nephtali et fit de même dans les ruines aux alentours[d]. Il démolit les autels et les pieux sacrés d’Ashéra, brisa les statues d’idoles et les réduisit en poussière. Il abattit tous les autels à parfums dans tout le pays d’Israël. Ensuite, il retourna à Jérusalem.

Le livre de la Loi redécouvert(B)

La dix-huitième année de son règne[e], afin de purifier le pays et le Temple, il envoya Shaphân, fils d’Atsalia, à Maaséya, le chef de la ville, et Yoah, fils de Yoahaz, l’archiviste, pour réparer le temple de l’Eternel son Dieu. Ces trois hommes se rendirent auprès du grand-prêtre Hilqiya et lui remirent l’argent qui avait été apporté dans le temple de Dieu, et que les lévites-portiers de l’entrée avaient collecté des tribus de Manassé et d’Ephraïm et du reste des Israélites du Nord, ainsi que de tout Juda et Benjamin, et des habitants de Jérusalem. 10 On remit cet argent aux entrepreneurs qui avaient la responsabilité des travaux dans le temple de l’Eternel. Ceux-ci payaient les ouvriers qui effectuaient les travaux de restauration et de réparation dans le Temple. 11 Ils le donnaient donc aux charpentiers et aux ouvriers du bâtiment pour l’achat de pierres de taille et du bois pour les poutres d’assemblage et la charpente que les rois de Juda avaient laissé tomber en ruine. 12 Ces hommes accomplissaient honnêtement leur travail. Ils étaient placés sous la direction de Yahath et d’Abdias, des lévites de la lignée de Merari, et de Zacharie et Meshoullam de la lignée des Qehatites, chargés de la supervision des travaux. 13 Les lévites étaient tous d’habiles musiciens. Ils surveillaient les porteurs et dirigeaient tous les ouvriers des différents corps de métier dans chaque sorte de travail. D’autres lévites étaient secrétaires, intendants et portiers.

(2 R 22.8-20)

14 Au moment où l’on retira du coffre l’argent qui avait été apporté au temple de l’Eternel, le prêtre Hilqiya découvrit le livre de la Loi de l’Eternel transmise par Moïse. 15 Alors Hilqiya dit à Shaphân, le secrétaire : J’ai trouvé le livre de la Loi[f] dans le temple de l’Eternel.

Et Hilqiya remit le livre à Shaphân.

16 Celui-ci l’apporta au roi et lui fit un rapport : Tes serviteurs, dit-il, ont fait tout ce qui leur a été commandé. 17 Ils ont versé l’argent qui se trouvait dans le temple de l’Eternel aux responsables et aux entrepreneurs des travaux. 18 Puis il ajouta : Le prêtre Hilqiya m’a remis un livre.

Et Shaphân se mit à en faire la lecture devant le roi.

Les conséquences d’une lecture

19 Lorsque Josias entendit le contenu de la Loi, il déchira ses vêtements. 20 Puis il convoqua Hilqiya, Ahiqam, fils de Shaphân, Abdôn, fils de Michée, Shaphân, le secrétaire, et Asaya, l’un des ministres.

21 – Allez consulter l’Eternel pour moi, leur dit-il, ainsi que pour le reste du peuple qui se trouve en Israël et en Juda, au sujet des enseignements du livre que l’on vient de retrouver. Car la colère de l’Eternel est bien grande. Elle s’est répandue sur nous parce que nos ancêtres n’ont pas obéi à la parole de l’Eternel et n’ont pas appliqué tout ce qui est écrit dans ce livre.

22 Hilqiya et ceux que le roi avait désignés se rendirent chez la prophétesse Houlda, femme de Shalloum, fils de Toqehath, et petit-fils de Hasra, responsable du vestiaire du Temple. Elle habitait à Jérusalem dans le nouveau quartier. Ils lui exposèrent la situation comme convenu. 23 Alors Houlda leur dit : Voici ce que déclare l’Eternel, le Dieu d’Israël : « Annoncez à l’homme qui vous a envoyés à moi : 24 L’Eternel dit : Je vais faire venir un malheur sur cette contrée et sur ses habitants en accomplissant toutes les malédictions inscrites dans ce livre que l’on a lu devant le roi de Juda. 25 En effet, parce qu’ils m’ont abandonné et qu’ils ont fait brûler des parfums à d’autres dieux, et parce qu’ils m’ont ainsi irrité par toute leur conduite, ma colère s’est répandue sur ce lieu et elle n’est pas près de s’apaiser. 26 Mais vous direz au roi de Juda qui vous a envoyés pour consulter l’Eternel : Voici ce que déclare l’Eternel, le Dieu d’Israël : Tu as entendu les paroles contenues dans ce livre. 27 Ton cœur s’est laissé toucher, tu t’es humilié devant Dieu en entendant ce qu’il a décrété contre ce lieu et contre ses habitants. Tu t’es humilié devant moi, tu as déchiré tes vêtements et tu as pleuré devant moi. De mon côté, moi aussi, j’ai entendu ta prière – l’Eternel le déclare. 28 C’est pourquoi je te ferai rejoindre tes ancêtres décédés et tu seras déposé paisiblement dans l’un de tes tombeaux, sans avoir vu tout le malheur que je vais amener sur cette contrée et sur ses habitants. »

Les envoyés rapportèrent cette réponse au roi.

Le renouvellement de l’alliance avec Dieu(C)

29 Le roi Josias fit convoquer auprès de lui tous les responsables de Juda et de Jérusalem. 30 Puis il monta au temple de l’Eternel, accompagné de toute la population de Juda et des habitants de Jérusalem, des prêtres, des lévites et de tous les gens du peuple, quelle que fût leur condition sociale. Devant tous, il lut tout ce qui était écrit dans le livre de l’alliance que l’on avait retrouvé au temple de l’Eternel. 31 Il se tint debout sur l’estrade qui lui était réservée et, en présence de l’Eternel, il conclut cette alliance avec lui par laquelle il s’engagea à être fidèle à l’Eternel et à obéir à ses commandements, à ses lois et à ses ordonnances, de tout son cœur et de tout son être, et à appliquer toutes les clauses de l’alliance figurant dans ce livre. 32 Le roi fit aussi prendre ce même engagement à tous les gens qui se trouvaient à Jérusalem et dans le territoire de Benjamin. Et les habitants de Jérusalem se conformèrent aux termes de l’alliance de Dieu, du Dieu de leurs ancêtres.

33 Puis Josias fit disparaître toutes les idoles abominables dans tous les territoires appartenant aux Israélites. Il obligea tous les gens qui se trouvaient en Israël à servir l’Eternel leur Dieu. De cette manière, ils ne se détournèrent pas de l’Eternel, le Dieu de leurs ancêtres, durant toute la vie de Josias.

Footnotes

  1. 34.1 De 640 à 609 av. J.-C.
  2. 34.4 Terme de sens incertain. Il pourrait aussi s’agir d’un sanctuaire différent d’un haut lieu.
  3. 34.5 Pour les profaner (voir 1 R 13.2).
  4. 34.6 Ruines du royaume du Nord dévasté par les Assyriens près d’un siècle auparavant.
  5. 34.8 En 622 av. J.-C.
  6. 34.15 Voir note 2 R 22.8.

Josiah’s Reforms(A)(B)(C)

34 Josiah(D) was eight years old when he became king,(E) and he reigned in Jerusalem thirty-one years. He did what was right in the eyes of the Lord and followed the ways of his father David,(F) not turning aside to the right or to the left.

In the eighth year of his reign, while he was still young, he began to seek the God(G) of his father David. In his twelfth year he began to purge Judah and Jerusalem of high places, Asherah poles and idols. Under his direction the altars of the Baals were torn down; he cut to pieces the incense altars that were above them, and smashed the Asherah poles(H) and the idols. These he broke to pieces and scattered over the graves of those who had sacrificed to them.(I) He burned(J) the bones of the priests on their altars, and so he purged Judah and Jerusalem. In the towns of Manasseh, Ephraim and Simeon, as far as Naphtali, and in the ruins around them, he tore down the altars and the Asherah poles and crushed the idols to powder(K) and cut to pieces all the incense altars throughout Israel. Then he went back to Jerusalem.

In the eighteenth year of Josiah’s reign, to purify the land and the temple, he sent Shaphan son of Azaliah and Maaseiah the ruler of the city, with Joah son of Joahaz, the recorder, to repair the temple of the Lord his God.

They went to Hilkiah(L) the high priest and gave him the money that had been brought into the temple of God, which the Levites who were the gatekeepers had collected from the people of Manasseh, Ephraim and the entire remnant of Israel and from all the people of Judah and Benjamin and the inhabitants of Jerusalem. 10 Then they entrusted it to the men appointed to supervise the work on the Lord’s temple. These men paid the workers who repaired and restored the temple. 11 They also gave money(M) to the carpenters and builders to purchase dressed stone, and timber for joists and beams for the buildings that the kings of Judah had allowed to fall into ruin.(N)

12 The workers labored faithfully.(O) Over them to direct them were Jahath and Obadiah, Levites descended from Merari, and Zechariah and Meshullam, descended from Kohath. The Levites—all who were skilled in playing musical instruments—(P) 13 had charge of the laborers(Q) and supervised all the workers from job to job. Some of the Levites were secretaries, scribes and gatekeepers.

The Book of the Law Found(R)(S)

14 While they were bringing out the money that had been taken into the temple of the Lord, Hilkiah the priest found the Book of the Law of the Lord that had been given through Moses. 15 Hilkiah said to Shaphan the secretary, “I have found the Book of the Law(T) in the temple of the Lord.” He gave it to Shaphan.

16 Then Shaphan took the book to the king and reported to him: “Your officials are doing everything that has been committed to them. 17 They have paid out the money that was in the temple of the Lord and have entrusted it to the supervisors and workers.” 18 Then Shaphan the secretary informed the king, “Hilkiah the priest has given me a book.” And Shaphan read from it in the presence of the king.

19 When the king heard the words of the Law,(U) he tore(V) his robes. 20 He gave these orders to Hilkiah, Ahikam son of Shaphan(W), Abdon son of Micah,[a] Shaphan the secretary and Asaiah the king’s attendant: 21 “Go and inquire of the Lord for me and for the remnant in Israel and Judah about what is written in this book that has been found. Great is the Lord’s anger that is poured out(X) on us because those who have gone before us have not kept the word of the Lord; they have not acted in accordance with all that is written in this book.”

22 Hilkiah and those the king had sent with him[b] went to speak to the prophet(Y) Huldah, who was the wife of Shallum son of Tokhath,[c] the son of Hasrah,[d] keeper of the wardrobe. She lived in Jerusalem, in the New Quarter.

23 She said to them, “This is what the Lord, the God of Israel, says: Tell the man who sent you to me, 24 ‘This is what the Lord says: I am going to bring disaster(Z) on this place and its people(AA)—all the curses(AB) written in the book that has been read in the presence of the king of Judah. 25 Because they have forsaken me(AC) and burned incense to other gods and aroused my anger by all that their hands have made,[e] my anger will be poured out on this place and will not be quenched.’ 26 Tell the king of Judah, who sent you to inquire of the Lord, ‘This is what the Lord, the God of Israel, says concerning the words you heard: 27 Because your heart was responsive(AD) and you humbled(AE) yourself before God when you heard what he spoke against this place and its people, and because you humbled yourself before me and tore your robes and wept in my presence, I have heard you, declares the Lord. 28 Now I will gather you to your ancestors,(AF) and you will be buried in peace. Your eyes will not see all the disaster I am going to bring on this place and on those who live here.’”(AG)

So they took her answer back to the king.

29 Then the king called together all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem. 30 He went up to the temple of the Lord(AH) with the people of Judah, the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the priests and the Levites—all the people from the least to the greatest. He read in their hearing all the words of the Book of the Covenant, which had been found in the temple of the Lord. 31 The king stood by his pillar(AI) and renewed the covenant(AJ) in the presence of the Lord—to follow(AK) the Lord and keep his commands, statutes and decrees with all his heart and all his soul, and to obey the words of the covenant written in this book.

32 Then he had everyone in Jerusalem and Benjamin pledge themselves to it; the people of Jerusalem did this in accordance with the covenant of God, the God of their ancestors.

33 Josiah removed all the detestable(AL) idols from all the territory belonging to the Israelites, and he had all who were present in Israel serve the Lord their God. As long as he lived, they did not fail to follow the Lord, the God of their ancestors.

Footnotes

  1. 2 Chronicles 34:20 Also called Akbor son of Micaiah
  2. 2 Chronicles 34:22 One Hebrew manuscript, Vulgate and Syriac; most Hebrew manuscripts do not have had sent with him.
  3. 2 Chronicles 34:22 Also called Tikvah
  4. 2 Chronicles 34:22 Also called Harhas
  5. 2 Chronicles 34:25 Or by everything they have done

Josiah Reigns in Judah

34 (A)Josiah was eight years old when he began to reign, and he reigned thirty-one years in Jerusalem. And he did what was right in the eyes of the Lord, and walked in the ways of David his father; and he did not turn aside to the right hand or to the left. For in the eighth year of his reign, while he was yet a boy, he began to seek the God of David his father, and in the twelfth year he began to purge Judah and Jerusalem of the high places, the (B)Asherim, and the carved and the metal images. And they chopped down the altars of the Baals in his presence, and he cut down the (C)incense altars that stood above them. And he broke in pieces the (D)Asherim and the carved and the metal images, and he made dust of them and (E)scattered it over the graves of those who had sacrificed to them. (F)He also burned the bones of the priests on their altars and cleansed Judah and Jerusalem. And in the (G)cities of Manasseh, Ephraim, and Simeon, and as far as Naphtali, in their ruins[a] all around, he broke down the altars and beat the (H)Asherim and the images (I)into powder and cut down all the incense altars throughout all the land of Israel. Then he returned to Jerusalem.

The Book of the Law Found

(J)Now in the eighteenth year of his reign, when he had cleansed the land and the house, he sent Shaphan the son of Azaliah, and Maaseiah the (K)governor of the city, and Joah the son of Joahaz, (L)the recorder, to repair the house of the Lord his God. They came to (M)Hilkiah the high priest and gave him the money that had been brought into the house of God, which the Levites, the keepers of the threshold, had collected from (N)Manasseh and Ephraim and from all the remnant of Israel and from all Judah and Benjamin and from the inhabitants of Jerusalem. 10 And they gave it to the workmen who were working in the house of the Lord. And the workmen who were working in the house of the Lord gave it for repairing and restoring the house. 11 They gave it to the carpenters and the builders to buy quarried stone, and timber for binders and (O)beams for the buildings that the kings of Judah had let go to ruin. 12 And the men did the work faithfully. Over them were set Jahath and Obadiah the Levites, of the sons of Merari, and Zechariah and Meshullam, of the sons of the Kohathites, to have oversight. (P)The Levites, all who were skillful with instruments of music, 13 were over (Q)the burden-bearers and directed all who did work in every kind of service, and some of the Levites were scribes and officials and gatekeepers.

14 While they were bringing out the money that had been brought into the house of the Lord, (R)Hilkiah the priest found the Book of the Law of the Lord given through[b] Moses. 15 Then Hilkiah answered and said to Shaphan the secretary, “I have found the Book of the Law in the house of the Lord.” And Hilkiah gave the book to Shaphan. 16 Shaphan brought the book to the king, and further reported to the king, “All that was committed to your servants they are doing. 17 They have emptied out the money that was found in the house of the Lord and have given it into the hand of the overseers and the workmen.” 18 Then Shaphan the secretary told the king, “Hilkiah the priest has given me a book.” And Shaphan read from it before the king.

19 And when the king heard the words of the Law, (S)he tore his clothes. 20 And the king commanded Hilkiah, Ahikam the son of Shaphan, Abdon the son of Micah, Shaphan the secretary, and Asaiah the king's servant, saying, 21 “Go, inquire of the Lord for me and for those who are left in Israel and in Judah, concerning the words of the book that has been found. For great is (T)the wrath of the Lord that is poured out on us, because our fathers have not kept the word of the Lord, to do according to all that is written in this book.”

Huldah Prophesies Disaster

22 So Hilkiah and those whom the king had sent[c] went to Huldah the prophetess, the wife of Shallum the son of Tokhath, son of Hasrah, keeper of the wardrobe (now she lived in Jerusalem in the Second Quarter) and spoke to her to that effect. 23 And she said to them, “Thus says the Lord, the God of Israel: ‘Tell the man who sent you to me, 24 Thus says the Lord, Behold, I will bring disaster upon this place and upon its inhabitants, all the curses that are written in the book that was read before the king of Judah. 25 Because they have forsaken me and (U)have made offerings to other gods, that they might provoke me to anger with all the works of their hands, therefore (V)my wrath will be poured out on this place and will not be quenched. 26 But to the king of Judah, who sent you to inquire of the Lord, thus shall you say to him, Thus says the Lord, the God of Israel: Regarding the words that you have heard, 27 because your heart was tender and you humbled yourself before God when you heard his words against this place and its inhabitants, and you have humbled yourself before me and have torn your clothes and wept before me, I also have heard you, declares the Lord. 28 Behold, I will gather you to your fathers, and you shall be gathered to your grave in peace, and your eyes shall not see all the disaster that I will bring upon this place and its inhabitants.’” And they brought back word to the king.

29 (W)Then the king sent and gathered together all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem. 30 And the king went up to the house of the Lord, with all the men of Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem and the priests and the Levites, all the people both great and small. And he read in their hearing all the words of the Book of the Covenant that had been found in the house of the Lord. 31 And the king (X)stood in his place (Y)and made a covenant before the Lord, to walk after the Lord and to keep his commandments and his testimonies and his statutes, with all his heart and all his soul, to perform the words of the covenant that were written in this book. 32 Then he made all who were present in Jerusalem and in Benjamin join in it. And the inhabitants of Jerusalem did according to the covenant of God, the God of their fathers. 33 And Josiah took away (Z)all the abominations from all the territory that belonged to the people of Israel and made all who were present in Israel serve the Lord their God. All his days they did not turn away from following the Lord, the God of their fathers.

Footnotes

  1. 2 Chronicles 34:6 The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain
  2. 2 Chronicles 34:14 Hebrew by the hand of
  3. 2 Chronicles 34:22 Syriac, Vulgate; Hebrew lacks had sent