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Saul Comes to Fear David

18 When David[a] had finished talking with Saul, Jonathan and David became bound together in close friendship.[b] Jonathan loved David as much as he did his own life.[c] Saul retained David[d] on that day and did not allow him to return to his father’s house. Jonathan made a covenant with David, for he loved him as much as he did his own life.[e] Jonathan took off the robe he was wearing and gave it to David, along with the rest of his gear including his sword, his bow, and even his belt.

On every mission on which Saul sent him, David achieved success. So Saul appointed him over the men of war. This pleased not only all the army, but also Saul’s servants.[f]

When the men[g] arrived after David returned from striking down the Philistine, the women from all the cities of Israel came out singing and dancing to meet King Saul. They were happy as they played their tambourines and three-stringed instruments.[h] The women who were playing the music sang,

“Saul has struck down his thousands,
but David his tens of thousands!”

This made Saul very angry. The statement displeased him and he thought,[i] “They have attributed to David tens of thousands, but to me they have attributed only thousands. What does he lack, except the kingdom?” So Saul was keeping an eye on David from that day onward.

10 The next day an evil spirit from God rushed upon Saul and he prophesied[j] within his house. Now David was playing the lyre[k] as usual. There was a spear in Saul’s hand, 11 and Saul threw the spear, thinking, “I’ll nail David to the wall!” But David escaped from him on two different occasions.

12 So Saul feared David, because the Lord was with David but had departed from Saul. 13 Saul removed David[l] from his presence and made him a commanding officer.[m] David led the army out to battle and back.[n] 14 Now David achieved success in all he did,[o] for the Lord was with him. 15 When Saul saw how very successful he was, he was afraid of him. 16 But all Israel and Judah loved David, for he was the one leading them out to battle and back.

17 [p] Then Saul said to David, “Here’s my oldest daughter, Merab. I want to give her to you in marriage. Only be a brave warrior[q] for me and fight the battles of the Lord.” For Saul thought, “There’s no need for me to raise my hand against him. Let it be the hand of the Philistines!”

18 David said to Saul, “Who am I? Who are my relatives or the clan of my father[r] in Israel that I should become the king’s son-in-law?” 19 When the time came for Merab, Saul’s daughter, to be given to David, she instead was given in marriage to Adriel, who was from Meholah.

20 Now Michal, Saul’s daughter, loved David. When they told Saul about this, it[s] pleased him. 21 Saul said, “I will give her to him so that she may become a snare to him and so the hand of the Philistines may be against him.” So Saul said to David, “Today is the second time for you to become my son-in-law.”[t]

22 Then Saul instructed his servants, “Tell David secretly, ‘The king is pleased with you, and all his servants like you. So now become the king’s son-in-law.’” 23 So Saul’s servants spoke these words privately to[u] David. David replied, “Is becoming the king’s son-in-law something insignificant to you? I’m just a poor and lightly esteemed man!”

24 When Saul’s servants reported what David had said, 25 Saul replied, “Here is what you should say to David: ‘There is nothing that the king wants as a price for the bride except 100 Philistine foreskins, so that he can be avenged of his[v] enemies.’” (Now Saul was thinking that he could kill David by the hand of the Philistines.)

26 So his servants told David these things and David agreed[w] to become the king’s son-in-law. Now the specified time had not yet expired[x] 27 when David, along with his men, went out[y] and struck down 200 Philistine men. David brought their foreskins and presented all of them to the king so that he could become the king’s son-in-law. Saul then gave him his daughter Michal in marriage.

28 When Saul realized[z] that the Lord was with David and that his[aa] daughter Michal loved David,[ab] 29 Saul became even more afraid of him.[ac] Saul continued to be at odds with David from then on.[ad] 30 [ae] The leaders of the Philistines would march out, and as often as they did so, David achieved more success than all of Saul’s servants. His name was held in high esteem.

Footnotes

  1. 1 Samuel 18:1 tn Heb “he”; the referent (David) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  2. 1 Samuel 18:1 tn Heb “the soul of Jonathan was bound with the soul of David.”
  3. 1 Samuel 18:1 tn Heb “like his [own] soul.”sn On the nature of Jonathan’s love for David, see J. A. Thompson, “The Significance of the Verb Love in the David-Jonathan Narratives in 1 Samuel,” VT 24 (1974): 334-38.
  4. 1 Samuel 18:2 tn Heb “him”; the referent (David) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  5. 1 Samuel 18:3 tn Heb “like his [own] soul.”
  6. 1 Samuel 18:5 tn Heb “it was good in the eyes of all the people and also in the eyes of the servants of Saul.”
  7. 1 Samuel 18:6 tn Heb “them.” The masculine plural pronoun apparently refers to the returning soldiers.
  8. 1 Samuel 18:6 tn Heb “with tambourines, with joy, and with three-stringed instruments.”
  9. 1 Samuel 18:8 tn Heb “said.” So also in vv. 11, 17.
  10. 1 Samuel 18:10 tn Or “he raved.” This same construction appears in 1 Sam 10:10 “the spirit of God rushed upon him and then he prophesied in their midst.” It is important to consider the agent affecting Saul, the verb describing his actions, and the broader cultural background. The phrase רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים (ruakh ʾelohim) could mean “a divine wind/spirit,” “a spirit from God,” or “the spirit of God.” Unlike 1 Sam 10:10, this case involves a harmful, or evil, spirit. The range of meaning of רָעָה (raʿah) can mean either harm or evil, and here indicates that this spirit’s purpose is to afflict Saul. The verb וַיִּתְנַבֵּא (vayyitnabbeʾ) is a Hitpael of the root נָבָא (nabaʾ) which means “to prophesy” in both the Niphal and the Hitpael. The difference may well be that the Niphal refers primarily to acting as a spokesman, while the Hitpael reflects an accompanying ecstatic experience on the part of the prophet (cf. 1 Sam 10:6; 19:24). 1 Kgs 18:29 also describes the antics of the prophets of Baal with the Hitpael of the root נָבָא (nabaʾ). Ecstatic experiences or expressions were sometimes associated with prophecy in the broader West Semitic culture as well as in the Israel. Some translations focus on the presumed outward effects of the afflicting spirit on Saul and render the verb “he raged” or “he raved” (NASB, ESV, NLT, NRSV). Although most biblical references to Israel’s prophets do not involve ecstatic experiences, the original audience would probably not have made a distinction here, that is, “raving” and “prophesying” would not have been considered alternatives.
  11. 1 Samuel 18:10 tn The Hebrew text adds here “with his hand.”
  12. 1 Samuel 18:13 tn Heb “him”; the referent (David) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  13. 1 Samuel 18:13 tn Heb “an officer of a thousand.”
  14. 1 Samuel 18:13 tn Heb “and he went out and came in before the people.” See v. 16.
  15. 1 Samuel 18:14 tn Heb “in all his ways.”
  16. 1 Samuel 18:17 tc Much of the ms evidence for the LXX lacks vv. 17-19.
  17. 1 Samuel 18:17 tn Heb “son of valor.”
  18. 1 Samuel 18:18 tn Heb “Who are my relatives, the clan of my father?” The term חַי (khay), traditionally understood as “my life,” is here a rare word meaning “family, kinfolk” (see HALOT 309 s.v. III חַי). The phrase “clan of my father” may be a scribal gloss explaining the referent of this rare word.
  19. 1 Samuel 18:20 tn Heb “the matter.”
  20. 1 Samuel 18:21 tc The final sentence of v. 21 is absent in most LXX mss.
  21. 1 Samuel 18:23 tn Heb “in the ears of.”
  22. 1 Samuel 18:25 tn Heb “the king’s.”
  23. 1 Samuel 18:26 tn Heb “and it was acceptable in the eyes of David.”
  24. 1 Samuel 18:26 tn Heb “the days were not fulfilled.”
  25. 1 Samuel 18:27 tn Heb “arose and went.”
  26. 1 Samuel 18:28 tn Heb “saw and knew.”
  27. 1 Samuel 18:28 tn Heb “Saul’s.” In the translation the proper name has been replaced by the pronoun for stylistic reasons.
  28. 1 Samuel 18:28 tn Heb “him”; the referent (David) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  29. 1 Samuel 18:29 tn Heb “of David.” In the translation the proper name has been replaced by the pronoun for stylistic reasons.
  30. 1 Samuel 18:29 tc The final sentence of v. 29 is absent in most LXX mss.tn Heb “all the days.”
  31. 1 Samuel 18:30 tc Verse 30 is absent in most LXX mss.

Le pacte d’amitié entre Jonathan et David

18 Quand David eut terminé de parler avec Saül, Jonathan s’était profondément attaché à David et s’était mis à l’aimer comme lui-même. Saül ne le laissa pas retourner dans la maison de son père ce jour-là, il le prit chez lui. Jonathan conclut un pacte d’amitié avec David parce qu’il l’aimait comme lui-même. Il enleva son manteau et le donna à David, il lui offrit aussi son équipement et jusqu’à son épée, son arc et son ceinturon. Chaque fois que Saül l’envoyait en expédition militaire, David accomplissait sa mission avec succès, de sorte que le roi lui confia le commandement de ses troupes de choc. Il était estimé de tout le peuple ainsi que des ministres de Saül.

Saül devient jaloux de David

Lorsqu’ils étaient revenus de la guerre, après que David eut tué le Philistin, les femmes étaient sorties de toutes les villes d’Israël à la rencontre du roi Saül en chantant, en dansant et en poussant des cris de joie au son de tambourins et de cymbales. Elles chantaient en chœurs alternés, tout en dansant :

Saül a vaincu ses milliers
et David ses dizaines de milliers.

Saül le prit très mal et se mit dans une grande colère.

– Elles en attribuent dix mille à David, dit-il, et à moi seulement mille ! Il ne lui manque plus que la royauté !

A partir de ce moment-là, Saül regarda David d’un mauvais œil.

10 Dès le lendemain, un mauvais esprit envoyé par Dieu s’empara de Saül, de sorte qu’il entra dans un état d’exaltation au milieu de sa maison. Comme les autres jours, David jouait de son instrument. Saül avait sa lance en main. 11 Soudain, il la lança en se disant : Je vais le clouer contre la paroi.

Mais, par deux fois, David esquiva le coup.

12 A partir de ce jour-là, Saül craignit David, car l’Eternel était avec David alors qu’il s’était retiré de lui. 13 C’est pourquoi Saül l’écarta d’auprès de lui et le nomma commandant d’un « millier » d’hommes. Ainsi David entreprenait des expéditions militaires à la tête de ses hommes. 14 Il réussissait dans tout ce qu’il entreprenait, car l’Eternel était avec lui. 15 Lorsque Saül constata ses grands succès, sa peur ne fit qu’augmenter. 16 Par contre, tout Israël et tout Juda aimaient David, car il marchait à la tête de leurs soldats dans les expéditions militaires.

David devient le gendre du roi

17 Un jour, Saül dit à David : Je suis prêt à te donner ma fille aînée Mérab en mariage à condition que tu me serves vaillamment et que tu livres les combats de l’Eternel.

Il se disait : Il vaut mieux que ce ne soit pas moi-même qui attente à sa vie, mais plutôt les Philistins !

18 David lui répondit : Qui suis-je et que vaut ma vie, de quelle importance est la famille de mon père en Israël, pour que je devienne le gendre du roi ?

19 Mais, quand vint le moment où Mérab, la fille de Saül, devait être donnée à David, Saül la donna à Adriel de Mehola.

20 Or Mikal, l’autre fille de Saül, aimait David. Quand Saül l’apprit, il en fut ravi, 21 car il se dit : Je vais la lui donner en mariage, elle sera un bon piège pour lui, ainsi il tombera par la main des Philistins !

Il dit donc à David : Aujourd’hui, tu as une seconde occasion de devenir mon gendre.

22 Puis il ordonna à ses hommes de confiance de parler discrètement à David et de lui dire : Tu vois que le roi t’a pris en affection et tous ses gens t’aiment, accepte donc maintenant de devenir son gendre !

23 Les ministres de Saül allèrent répéter ces paroles à David ; mais celui-ci leur répondit : Croyez-vous que ce soit une petite affaire que de devenir le gendre du roi ? Je ne suis qu’un homme pauvre et insignifiant.

24 Les ministres du roi lui rapportèrent la réponse de David.

25 – Eh bien, reprit Saül, voilà ce que vous lui direz : « Le roi ne demande pas de dot d’argent pour sa fille. Tout ce qu’il désire, c’est que tu lui apportes cent prépuces de Philistins pour le venger de ses ennemis. »

En fait, Saül avait comme but de faire périr David par la main des Philistins.

26 Les hauts fonctionnaires de Saül rapportèrent ces paroles à David. La proposition de devenir le gendre du roi à ces conditions lui parut acceptable. Avant même l’expiration du délai fixé par le roi, 27 David se mit en campagne avec ses hommes, il tua deux cents Philistins et rapporta la totalité de leurs prépuces au roi pour devenir son gendre. Saül donna donc en mariage à David sa fille Mikal.

28 Saül vit ainsi très clairement que l’Eternel était avec David et que Mikal sa propre fille aimait David. 29 Sa crainte à l’égard de David redoubla et, dès lors, sa haine envers lui devint définitive. 30 Mais à chaque incursion des princes des Philistins, David remportait plus de succès que tous les autres chefs militaires de Saül, de sorte que son nom devint très célèbre.

Saul’s Growing Fear of David

18 After David had finished talking with Saul, Jonathan(A) became one in spirit with David, and he loved(B) him as himself.(C) From that day Saul kept David with him and did not let him return home to his family. And Jonathan made a covenant(D) with David because he loved him as himself. Jonathan took off the robe(E) he was wearing and gave it to David, along with his tunic, and even his sword, his bow and his belt.(F)

Whatever mission Saul sent him on, David was so successful(G) that Saul gave him a high rank in the army.(H) This pleased all the troops, and Saul’s officers as well.

When the men were returning home after David had killed the Philistine, the women came out from all the towns of Israel to meet King Saul with singing and dancing,(I) with joyful songs and with timbrels(J) and lyres. As they danced, they sang:(K)

“Saul has slain his thousands,
    and David his tens(L) of thousands.”

Saul was very angry; this refrain displeased him greatly. “They have credited David with tens of thousands,” he thought, “but me with only thousands. What more can he get but the kingdom?(M) And from that time on Saul kept a close(N) eye on David.

10 The next day an evil[a] spirit(O) from God came forcefully on Saul. He was prophesying in his house, while David was playing the lyre,(P) as he usually(Q) did. Saul had a spear(R) in his hand 11 and he hurled it, saying to himself,(S) “I’ll pin David to the wall.” But David eluded(T) him twice.(U)

12 Saul was afraid(V) of David, because the Lord(W) was with(X) David but had departed from(Y) Saul. 13 So he sent David away from him and gave him command over a thousand men, and David led(Z) the troops in their campaigns.(AA) 14 In everything he did he had great success,(AB) because the Lord was with(AC) him. 15 When Saul saw how successful he was, he was afraid of him. 16 But all Israel and Judah loved David, because he led them in their campaigns.(AD)

17 Saul said to David, “Here is my older daughter(AE) Merab. I will give her to you in marriage;(AF) only serve me bravely and fight the battles(AG) of the Lord.” For Saul said to himself,(AH) “I will not raise a hand against him. Let the Philistines do that!”

18 But David said to Saul, “Who am I,(AI) and what is my family or my clan in Israel, that I should become the king’s son-in-law?(AJ) 19 So[b] when the time came for Merab,(AK) Saul’s daughter, to be given to David, she was given in marriage to Adriel of Meholah.(AL)

20 Now Saul’s daughter Michal(AM) was in love with David, and when they told Saul about it, he was pleased.(AN) 21 “I will give her to him,” he thought, “so that she may be a snare(AO) to him and so that the hand of the Philistines may be against him.” So Saul said to David, “Now you have a second opportunity to become my son-in-law.”

22 Then Saul ordered his attendants: “Speak to David privately and say, ‘Look, the king likes you, and his attendants all love you; now become his son-in-law.’”

23 They repeated these words to David. But David said, “Do you think it is a small matter to become the king’s son-in-law?(AP) I’m only a poor man and little known.”

24 When Saul’s servants told him what David had said, 25 Saul replied, “Say to David, ‘The king wants no other price(AQ) for the bride than a hundred Philistine foreskins, to take revenge(AR) on his enemies.’” Saul’s plan(AS) was to have David fall by the hands of the Philistines.

26 When the attendants told David these things, he was pleased to become the king’s son-in-law. So before the allotted time elapsed, 27 David took his men with him and went out and killed two hundred Philistines and brought back their foreskins. They counted out the full number to the king so that David might become the king’s son-in-law. Then Saul gave him his daughter Michal(AT) in marriage.

28 When Saul realized that the Lord was with David and that his daughter Michal(AU) loved David, 29 Saul became still more afraid(AV) of him, and he remained his enemy the rest of his days.

30 The Philistine commanders continued to go out to battle, and as often as they did, David met with more success(AW) than the rest of Saul’s officers, and his name became well known.

Footnotes

  1. 1 Samuel 18:10 Or a harmful
  2. 1 Samuel 18:19 Or However,